Gallagher RP. Coping Through the Coronavirus. In this context, it could be useful to understand issues that people find most concerning and ways in which they cope with stress. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. Future researchers examining well-being in university students in different regions of the country or internationally may wish to further investigate the applicability of the PERMA model as a measure of university students well-being during the pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4, Ray, J. One of the distinguishing characteristics of PsyCap is its malleability and openness to change and development (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2006). (2007) developed PsyCap from research in positive organizational behavior and positive psychology. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Guilford. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Research Question 2 The measure demonstrates acceptable reliability, cross-time stability, and evidence for convergent and divergent validity (Butler & Kern, 2016). International journal of mental health nursing. responded. Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062106, Deaton, A. Ask your supervisor for help. The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 Mediator coping strategies. Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). Occupy your mind with puzzles. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042988. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. * p < .05, ** p < .01. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. L = Loneliness. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Many things can impact this including our physical health. The following research questions guided our work: Participants School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. (2020, April 14). Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Coronavirus Anxiety Workbook. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Below are strategies and resources that may help you cope with stress. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355217702136. Now is my chance to help others. Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. Oxford Economic Papers, 64(1), 126. -. Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles to optimal levels (Madhyastha et al., 2014). As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Consider recreating important events once its safe. On the other hand, self-blame and behavioral disengagement were two problematic coping strategies that mediated the relationship between optimism and all PERMA elements. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. Psychological capital and well-being. doi: 10.2196/22817. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Listen to childrens concerns. Gallup. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Find activities that engage different parts of yourself. (2009). Given the ongoing repercussions of the pandemic, we recommend continued and longitudinal studies on well-being, coping strategies, and PsyCap. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Medicine, Psychology. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. Soothing the nervous system, by taking care of the body, can help to bring us back to a healthier place. But too much news especially social media can add to your anxiety. Mallhi TH, Ahmad N, Salman M, Tanveer N, Shah S, Butt MH, Alatawi AD, Alotaibi NH, Rahman HU, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Alzahrani MS, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, Khan YH. You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and Aim of the Study and Research Questions Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. Over the past decade, PsyCap has been applied to university student development and mental health. Internalizing and Externalizing Disorder Levels among Adolescents: Data from Poland. Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. National Library of Medicine https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21212, Demerouti, E., van Eeuwijk, E., Snelder, M., & Wild, U. Learn more about whole health and what you can do to improve your overall wellness including preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. Crown. PMC Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. Basic self-care will keep your immune system strong and your emotional reserves full. Journal of Affective Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. There was however an interesting shift in the predictive role of PsyCap dimensions before and after the onset of COVID-19. These feelings are normal. The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life. Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). Helpful strategies of coping Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. Penguin Press. (2013). 8600 Rockville Pike Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. Coping Strategies as a Mediator Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. to the adversity. Before Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Try mindfulness apps. It was found that nursing students have negative coping methods, such as not being able to manage time well due to constraints at home and spending too much time on the phone, internet, and computer. Students at a Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 10981118. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler as a well-being measure for student veterans. F. Luthans et al. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. This study is qualitative research with a case (2018). Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. Further, the present findings highlight the importance of examining the relationships between each element of well-being and with each HERO dimension. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. WebThus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Now is my chance to help others. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). Youth can Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. However, there is a paucity of research to address the possible impacts of the pedagogical shift integrated into new online platforms on learning, interaction, and assessment, especially in higher education settings from the vantage point of EFL Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Are you able to do these activities? (2015). Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). (2017). Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. The authors reported no conflict of interest Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Of course, its good to stay informed, especially Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Engagement coping includes problem-focused coping and some forms of emotion-focused coping, such as support seeking, emotion regulation, acceptance, and cognitive restructuring. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Thus, in general, internal consistency reliability coefficients tend to be relatively smaller ( = .5 to .9). Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. You might feel unmotivated now. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. 405415). Data Collection Procedures Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Among adaptive coping strategies, active coping, positive reframing, and using emotional support mediated the relationship between optimism and overall well-being. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Coping strategies that predicted change in PERMA were used for mediation analysis. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Further, they have negative associations with stress, burnout, negative health outcomes, and undesirable behaviors at the individual, team, and organizational levels (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2014). The experience of emotional wellbeing. The coping strategy of active coping (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 4. Such factors as age, gender, and place of residence influenced the choice of specific strategies of coping with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results.